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TIME: Almanac 1993
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TIME Almanac 1993.iso
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1992-08-29
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TECHNOLOGY, Page 53Just in Time
A new atomic clock will lose a second, at most, by the year
A.D. 1,600,000
How do the professional timekeepers of the world determine,
to the precise nanosecond, when a new year begins? They simply
consult an atomic clock. And last week, just in time to ring in
the new, the Hewlett-Packard Co., of Palo Alto, Calif.,
unveiled the latest in these meticulous timepieces. Twice as
accurate as earlier models, the $54,000 device -- the size of
a desktop computer -- will remain reliable to the second for the
next 1.6 million years, a period far longer than modern humans
have existed.
Who could possibly need such precision? Practically
everyone, indirectly at least. Telephone and computer networks
rely on atomic clocks to synchronize the flow of trillions of
bits of information, thus avoiding mammoth electronic logjams.
TV and radio stations use the clocks to time their broadcasts.
The armed forces employ them in satellite-based navigation
systems and smart-missile guidance. And scientists depend on
atomic clocks to help track the almost imperceptible motions of
continents across the surface of the earth and galaxies and
stars across the sky.
The principle behind all this precision comes from quantum
physics. When an atom is bombarded with electromagnetic
radiation -- in this case microwaves -- it shifts into a new
energy state. Each type of atom responds most readily to a
particular frequency. For the cesium-133 atoms in most atomic
clocks, the frequency is 9,192,631,770 vibrations per second.
When a microwave beam inside the clock is set to that frequency,
the maximum number of atoms will undergo the energy switch,
signaling the clock's internal computer that the device is
correctly tuned. The vibrating microwaves keep time; the atoms
just keep them on track.
Theoretically, an atomic clock could keep perfect time;
the actual performance, though, depends on the electronics and
such engineering details as how the microwaves hit the cesium
atoms. Hewlett-Packard will doubtless come up with other
refinements, but for now losing a second every 1 1/2 million
years will have to do.